How a wastewater project is set up and run is critical for calculating the amount of abatement that has occurred and how many ACCUs may be issued for a project. Parts 3 and 4 of the method and explanatory statement describe in detail how to set up a project and how to calculate the volume of carbon stored, as well as the net abatement that has occurred.
Setting up and running a wastewater project can be divided into the following parts. Each part below refers to the relevant sections of the method and explanatory statement, which explain the project in more detail.
Establish the project
Setting up and running a wastewater project involves replacing a suitable lagoon (Section 9) with an anaerobic digester (Section 10). The biogas from the anaerobic digester is sent to the combustion device (Section 11).
Choose a suitable lagoon to be replaced
You can replace anaerobic lagoons treating any combination of domestic, commercial or industrial waste. However, they must be more than two metres deep to ensure that they have the same methane-generating output as anaerobic digesters. This ensures that no extra methane is generated by simply replacing a shallower open anaerobic lagoon with an anaerobic digester.
You need to provide evidence of the type and source of wastewater used in the 12 months before you apply to run a project. The wastewater’s source might be the physical location where it is generated – for example, a housing development – or a specific activity or facility that generates the wastewater, such as a milk processing plant that produces industrial wastewater.
Choose an appropriate digester
An anaerobic digester must capture biogas that results from the treatment of water in the digester. It must promote anaerobic digestion, which can be done in one of two ways. The first is to cover an existing open lagoon. In this case, you cannot add additional stirring or heating elements compared with what was in the original open lagoon. Alternatively, you can construct a purpose-built closed vessel, known as an engineered biodigester, which has heating and stirring features.
The digester must also have a mechanism by which to collect biogas, and equipment to transfer the biogas to a combustion device.
Choose an appropriate combustion device
This method includes the use of a new or existing flare, boiler or internal combustion engine as the combustion device. If the combustion device you choose is not one of these, then it requires approval by the Clean Energy Regulator before it can be used. To be approved, the device must destroy at least 98% of the methane in the biogas, and must be able to be monitored on a minute-by-minute basis.
Calculate project baseline
The project baseline is an estimate of emissions that would have been released to the atmosphere if the project did not occur. For a wastewater project, the baseline emissions are those that would have resulted if the eligible wastewater was treated in a deep open anaerobic lagoon instead of an anaerobic digester. Eligible wastewater means domestic or commercial wastewater, or industrial wastewater, from an historical source for the project.
There are two ways to calculate the baseline for a wastewater project (Part 4, Division 3 in the method). You can measure the amount of organic material in the wastewater that would have been treated (Subdivision B), or you can measure the amount of methane sent to the combustion device (Subdivision C).
Option 1: Measuring the amount of organic material
The first option (Sections 18–24 in the method) calculates baseline methane emissions by determining the amount of organic material in the eligible wastewater that would have been treated in the original deep open anaerobic lagoon and subtracting the amount of organic material in the effluent and sludge, which represent what was not treated. The amount of organic material is measured in units of tonnes of chemical oxygen demand, or COD (see Box 1).
To use this option, you must have previously taken samples of wastewater from the lagoon before replacing it with an anaerobic digester. This is known in the method as historical sampling.
Historical sampling may be conducted monthly over a one-year period, or daily over 10 consecutive days. The sampling must have begun no more than 18 months before the project application date, to ensure that the samples represent recent treatment in the deep open anaerobic lagoon. The amount of COD in the effluent and sludge it is also adjusted based on whether 10-day sampling or one-year sampling was done. This is because a longer sampling time provides greater certainty in the COD results.
To calculate the baseline emissions, the first step is to determine the amount of COD in the influent via monitoring. Then, determine the fraction of COD that would have been removed in the effluent using Equation 3 (Figure 1). The fraction of COD that would have been removed in sludge is calculated either using default values or by Equation 4 (Figure 1), depending on the sampling regime chosen (Section 22 in the method).
Equation 2 (Figure 1) is then used to calculate the baseline by subtracting the amount of COD in the effluent and sludge from the amount of COD in the influent.
All of the factors used for the final calculations are described in Sections 18–24 of the method.
Option 2: Measuring the amount of methane
The second option (Sections 25–30 in the method) involves calculating the amount of methane generated from the treatment of eligible wastewater that was sent to combustion devices (Equation 5, Figure 1).
As part of Equation 5, an adjustment factor is applied to reflect the fact that an engineered biodigester will generate more methane than a deep open anaerobic lagoon (Section 25). This is due to additional features such as heating and stirring, which increase methane generation. The adjustment factor depends on whether a covered lagoon or an engineered biodigester is used.
Only methane generated by eligible wastewater is considered when using this option to calculate the baseline (Equations 6–8, Figure 1). These calculations are described in Sections 26–28 of the method. When calculating Equations 7 and 8, you must take into account the maximum methane-producing capacities for different types of material in the wastewater. You may either monitor this as described in Section 45 of the method, or you can use the default values given in Schedule 1 of the method.
Section 30 sets out two approaches to calculate the methane sent to combustion device, depending on whether or not the device is an internal combustion engine (Equations 9 and 10, Figure 1).
Figure 1: Calculating your project baseline
The wastewater method contains two options for calculating the project baseline: one that involves sampling to measure the amount of organic material in the wastewater that would have been treated (top), or one that involves measuring the amount of methane sent to a combustion device.
Choosing which option to use
If you have undertaken historical sampling for the purposes of working out baseline emissions, then you can choose to use either option above. If not, then you can only use option 2. If you do have historical information, but it does not meet the requirements specified in the method (see Section 45), then you must also use option 2. Whichever method you use for the first reporting period must also be used for subsequent reporting periods (Section 17 in the method).
Calculate emissions from the project
Every project needs to take into account emissions that arise from running it (see Part 4, Division 4 in the method). This is to ensure that these emissions are included in calculations that determine the net CO2-e abatement for a reporting period and crediting period.
The greenhouse gases that are accounted for in the calculations are listed in Section 13 of the method. For an explanation of the sources of greenhouse gas that are excluded from the calculations, see Section 13 in the explanatory statement.
Wastewater project emissions are calculated using Equation 11 (Figure 2). This equation takes into account emissions from:
- fuel use (Section 33)
- electricity use (Section 34)
- the anaerobic digester (Sections 35 and 36)
- the combustion device (Section 37), and
- the end management of the digestate (the solid material that remains after wastewater treatment; Sections 38–41).
The quantity of solid, liquid and gas fuel used during the reporting period should be monitored so that emissions can be calculated for each fossil fuel used and for each greenhouse gas emitted (Equation 12, Figure 2). Emissions from purchased electricity are calculated using Equation 13 (Figure 2).
Emissions from the anaerobic digester can arise from one of two situations. There can be a small amount of methane leakage during normal operations (Equation 14, Figure 2), or there can be a major venting event, such as during maintenance procedures (Equation 15, Figure 2), where biogas stored in the system is released to the atmosphere. Whether you used Subdivision B or C to calculate baseline emissions will determine how you calculate emissions from the digester, as described in Section 35 of the method.
To calculate methane and nitrous oxide emissions released as a result of methane combustion, use Equation 16 (Figure 2).
The emissions from the end management of digestate are calculated using Equation 17 (Figure 2). This equation adds together the emissions from the different ways which the digestate could be treated. These are:
- aerobic treatment (Equation 18, Section 39)
- disposal to landfill (Equation 19, Section 40), or
- in an open lagoon (Equation 20, Section 41).
If the digestate is not treated in one of these ways as described in the method, then digestate emissions are taken to be zero.
Figure 2: Calculating your project emissions
Wastewater project emissions take into account fuel and electricity use, the anaerobic digester, the combustion device and the end management of digestate.
Calculate the net amount of abatement and number of ACCUs
This is the final step in the calculations to determine the number of ACCUs that may be issued for a reporting period. At this stage the total emissions avoided by the project are calculated and then converted to tonnes of CO2-e.
The net amount of abatement for the reporting period (Equation 1, Figure 3) is calculated by subtracting the total project emissions (Equation 11, Figure 3) from the baseline emissions (Equation 2 or Equation 5, depending on how the baseline was calculated in Figure 1).
If the amount worked out for Equation 1 is less than zero – that is, if the project creates more emissions than would have been generated without it – then the carbon dioxide equivalent net abatement amount for the reporting period is taken to be zero.
Figure 3: Calculating your project’s net amount of abatement
The net amount of abatement is calculated by subtracting project emissions from baseline emissions for the reporting period.
